OUR FOREIGN EXCHANGE BAZAAR OF THE NIGERIAN NAIRA

 

By

 

Mobolaji E. Aluko, PhD

alukome@aol.com

         Burtonsville, MD, USA           

 

 

March 1, 2004

 

 

SUCCESS STORIES OF THE DUTCH AUCTION SYSTEM (DAS)

 

On Wednesday, February 25, 2004, the one-hundred-and-fifty-fifth (155th) session of the Nigerian Naira bazaar since its latest inception on July 22, 2002 - and the 15th session of 2004 -  was held in Abuja  under the auspices of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN).  Otherwise respectably known as the Dutch Auction System (DAS), that bazaar’s outcome was that the Naira appreciated by 15 kobo, from was the 45th  one N135.15 (at the 154th session) to the US dollar to N135.00.  This particular appreciation over a 19-month period in the midst of 78 depreciations and 31 stable sessions since July 22, 2002, leading to an overall depreciation of  900 kobo (7.14%) since the initial exchange rate of N126 to the dollar on the starting DAS date.

 

QUOTE

 

http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/08/17/20020817bup01.html

 

The Dutch Auction System is popularly used as a bidding method on those internet auction sites that claim to sell everything from a new heart to diamonds. In this format the seller places one or more identical items on sale at the same time listing a minimum required price. Bids are ranked in order of price, then quantity, and lastly time. These auctions are timed events usually lasting either hours or days. Bidders submit the number of items they want and how much their bid per item is. The final selling price in this type of Dutch auction is determined by the lowest of the winning bids.

Another name for it is the descending-price auction, commonly known in academic literature as the Dutch auction. It is the technique used in Netherlands to auction produce and flowers (hence, a "Dutch" auction). It uses an open format rather than a sealed-bid method.

In Nigeria, the DAS bidding takes place on Mondays and Wednesdays. The minimum bid amount by an authorised dealer is $100, 000.00 and the currencies of transaction are the naira and the United States dollar. The CBN announces every Tuesday and Thursday the result of each auction and the official exchange rate. Nigeria is not alone in using the Dutch Auction System.

 

Dutch auctions have been used to finance credit in Romania and for foreign exchange in Bolivia, Jamaica and Zambia. In America the national treasury sometimes uses it to sell its new treasury notes or treasury bonds. The Treasury opens up all bids and determines the lowest acceptable bid price. All successful bidders pay this stop-out price.

An example could make it clearer. Let's say the Central Bank has 20 million US dollars on sale and the minimum selling price for a dollar is N20. Buyers can ask for as much as they want as long as it is not lower than $100, 000. Five companies bid N30 for one dollar each and ten others bid N50 for one dollar. These fifteen companies will want different quantities of dollars. Some would be bidding for $6 million, while others would be bidding for $20 million. Because the ten companies bid higher than the other five, they will definitely be guaranteed foreign exchange. But all fifteen companies will pay N30, the lowest successful bid. It is this minimum price that becomes the Central Bank's exchange rate. Anyone who wants to buy a dollar from the central bank will pay N30.

 

UNQUOTE

 

Table 1 shows the entire history of those foreign exchange mechanisms in Nigeria since 1958, while Table 2 gives figures of foreign exchange market movements since 1995 which I have put together from various sources -  with a few gaps in information.

 

When one recognizes that in the 19 months preceding the commencement of the DAS auction, the Naira had depreciated from N106.19 (from end of December 2000) to N125.65 to the US dollar on July 19, 2002 (an 18.3% depreciation), a claim of relative success can be made that the latest DAS has cut by more than half  the haemorrhaging of the Naira.

 

There is another issue that we need to look at with respect to DAS:  the premium of the parallel market over the official rate.  In December 2000, the parallel rate (N121.83) was 14.7% higher than that of the official one (N106.19).  In the latest DAS auction of February 24, the official marginal rate was N136 while the  parallel market rate was N141,  just 3.67% higher,  and amounting to more than a one-third cut relative to the pre-DAS period.
 

 

BUT AT WHAT PRICE STABILITY AND CONVERGENCE ?

 

At what price are this relative stability of the Naira and convergence of the official and parallel exchange rates?  This is evident from Table 2:

 

(1)    the increase in total foreign exchange dollars used in this mechanism:  $4.88 billion in 1999, $7.256 billion in 2000 and $9.659 billion in 2001 (the IFEM years)  then  $9.19 billion in 2002 and $9.846 billion in 2003 (the DAS years.)

      Actually, the TOTAL official forex inflow in 2001 was $15.7 billion and official outflow was $14.7 billion (net inflow was $1 billion); in 2002, the forex inflow      was $9.8 billion and outflow was $13.0 billion (net outflow of  $3.2 billion),       while in 2003, the inflow was $15.14 billion and the outflow was $16.34 billion (net outflow of $1.20 billion)  See Figures 1 and 2.

 

(2)    The reduction in external reserves during the same period: $5.45 billion in 1999, $9.263 billion in 2000, $10.439 in 2001  (the IFEM years) and then $7.70 billion in 2002 and $7.48 billion in 2003 (the DAS years.)  In mid-February of 2004, this has declined to $7.26 billion.

 

The effect of both of these two observations is a significant reduction in our balance of payments (BOP).  In fact, in Naira terms, according to the CBN,

 

 

QUOTE

 

http://www.cenbank.org/Out/annual/2002/Areport-02-1.pdf

 

“The external sector was under severe pressure in 2002 as the balance of payments swung into an overall deficit of N525.7 billion, or 8.9 per cent of GDP, from a surplus of N24.7 billion or 0.4 per cent of GDP in 2001.  Consequently, there was a substantial draw-down of the external reserves and deferred payments of scheduled debt service obligations. The current account recorded a surplus of N232.9 billion, which was more than offset by the deterioration in the capital and financial account position. The deficit in the capital and financial account widened from N211.2 billion in 2001 to N749.4 billion in 2002. In addition, the naira exchange rate depreciated from an average of N111.90 per US$1.00 in 2001 to N120.47 in 2002. The level of external reserves declined by 23.3 per cent from end-December 2001 level of US$10.42 billion to US$7.99 billion while the deferred scheduled debt service totalled US$1.93 billion. The level of external reserves could support 6.4 months of current foreign exchange disbursements, compared with 8.0 months in 2001. In terms of visible imports, the external reserves could finance 10.1 months of current imports.”

 

UNQUOTE

 

The advantage of stability (only relative; there was still Naira depreciation) and convergence in the face of serious balance of payment deficits without concomitant development gain is therefore very dubious.

 

 

POSSIBLE REASON:  MIS-ALLOCATION OF FOREX FUNDS ? – AND WHAT TO DO

 

Table 3 showing the sectoral allocation of foreign exchange usage indicates what might be STRUCTURALLY wrong, no matter the foreign exchange control regime employed.  The agricultural sector where most Nigerians reside has a foreign exchange allocation of only 3.6 – 8.3% over the period 1999 – 2003.  In this same period, an average of about 33% of foreign exchange allocation was spent on finished goods while the “invisibles” (expended on embassies, etc.) had 12% to as high as 30%, meaning that these two latter non-productive sectors made up as much as 50% of the foreign allocation.  The industrial sector was practically level at about 40% despite what might be increases in world materials/machinery prices.

 

It would therefore appear that even if the TOTAL forex used is at the same levels as currently expended, then a DELIBERATE re-allocation of our scarce foreign exchange in order to stimulate DOMESTIC PRODUCTION  particularly in the agricultural sector; to discourage IMPORTS OF FINISHED GOODS;  and to be more frugal about/critical in verifying INVISIBLE TRADE foreign exchange outflow would be advantageous to our foreign exchange and balance of payments situation.

 

I rest my case.

 

 

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

Some DAS Write-Ups

http://www.nigerianmuse.com/essays/DASwriteups.htm

 

 

 

 

            TABLE 1:  History of Foreign Exchange Controls in Nigeria

 

 

 

Year

Forex Used

Forex Control Regime

President/Head of Government

 

 

 

 

1958

 

CBN Established  by Act of Parliament

Balewa (PM)

1959

 

Nigerian notes /coins issued July 1; CBN

becomes fully operational

Balewa (PM)

1962

 

Forex Control Act Estab’d under CBN

Balewa (PM)

1966

 

 

General Ironsi > Jan. 15

1966

 

 

General Gowon > July29

1969

 

Banking Decree

General Gowon

1973

 

Naira notes introduced January 1 (decimal;kobo)

General Gowon

1975

 

 

Gen. Mohammed > Aug. 15

1976

 

 

Gen. Obasanjo > Feb. 13

1979

 

 

Alhaji Shagari > Oct. 1

1982

 

Comprehensive Forex Control

Shagari

1983

 

 

General Buhari > December 31

1985

 

 

General Babangida > Aug 27

1986

 

$1 > N1 for first time ever in March

SFEM Introduced  > Sept 26                             

Babangida

1987

 

DAS > April 2

UOM > July 2

Babangida

1989

 

Bureau de Change established

Babangida

1990

 

DAS discontinued December 14, 1990

Babangida

1991

 

Major CBN Decree No. 24

Babangida

1992

 

Complete floating of Naira > March 5

Babangida

1993

 

June 12 presidential elections aborted

 

Babaginda

Sonekan > August 27

Abacha > November 17

1994

 

Naira pegged to the US$

Abacha

1995

$1.712 billion        

AFEM

Abacha

1996

$1.861 billion

AFEM

Abacha

1997

$2.911 billion

AFEM

Abacha

1998

$4.248 billion

AFEM   

Abubakar > June 8

1999

$4.88 billion

 

AFEM

IFEM > Oct 25

Obasanjo > May 29

2000

$7.256 billion                                                                        

 

IFEM

Obasanjo

2001

$9.659 billion

IFEM

Obasanjo

2002

$ 9.190 billion       

 

IFEM

DAS > July 22

Obasanjo

2003

$9.475 billion        

DAS

Obasanjo

2004

 

DAS

Obasanjo

 

 

 

 

 

 

Second-tier Foreign Exchange Market (SFEM); Unified Official Market (UOM); Autonomous Foreign Exchange Market (AFEM); Inter-bank Foreign Exchange Market (IFEM); Dutch Auction System (DAS)

Source:  http://www.cenbank.org/welcome.htm

 


 

 

TABLE 2:  RECORD OF DAS TRANSACTIONS

Sources: 

http://www.cenbank.org

http://www.citibank.com/nigeria/gcib/citinews/mktfc02.htm

http://www.cenbank.org/Dutch_Search.asp,

http://www.ibtclagos.com

http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/index.html   Archives of ThisDay Online

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Avg.

Bureau

Parallel

External Reserves

Total Forex Used

 

 

 

 

AFEM

De Change

Market

End of Year

End of Year

 

 

 

End Year

N/$1

N/$1

N/$1

$ billion

$ billion

 

 

 

1995

82.33

 

 

1.44300

1.712

 

 

 

1996

81.48

 

 

4.08600

1.861

 

 

 

1997

81.98

 

 

7.58020

2.911

 

 

 

1998

84.84

 

 

7.10000

4.248

 

 

 

1999

91.83

 

 

5.45000

4.88

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Month of 2000 (avg)

IFEM

Bureau De Change

Parallel Market

External Reserves

Forex Used

 

 

 

January

98.73

103.50

103.75

 

 

 

 

 

February

99.89

106.07

106.5

6.49000

 

 

 

 

March

100.65

105.83

106.3

6.62000

 

 

 

 

April

100.40

106.30

106.1

 

 

 

 

 

May

101.17

106.13

105.75

 

 

 

 

 

June

101.83

105.79

106.13

6.70000

 

 

 

 

July

104.90

111.00

110.9

 

 

 

 

 

August

103.36

113.87

114.87

 

 

 

 

 

September

102.36

119.00

118

 

 

 

 

 

October

102.52

119.14

119

 

 

 

 

 

November

102.52

120.28

119

 

 

 

 

 

December

106.19

122.00

121.83

9.26300

7.25600

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Month of 2001 (avg)

IFEM

Bureau De Change

Parallel Market

External Reserves

Forex Used

Forex Inflow

Forex Outflow

Net Inflow

January

109.00

120.00

122.00

9.89800

 

 

 

 

February

110.00

123.50

122.50

 

 

 

 

 

March

110.20

125.00

127.50

 

 

 

 

 

April

127.50

130.50

132.00

 

 

 

 

 

May

113.10

137.00

140.00

 

 

 

 

 

June

112.20

133.00

139.00

 

 

 

 

 

July

111.30

134.00

137.00

10.86000

 

 

 

 

August

111.20

133.00

135.80

10.40000

 

 

 

 

September

111.10

133.00

135.00

 

 

 

 

 

October

111.10

132.00

133.00

 

 

 

 

 

November

112.10

134.00

135.00

 

 

 

 

 

December

112.45 

134.50

134.00

10.43900

9.65900

15.70000

14.70000

1.00

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Month of 2002 (avg)

IFEM

Bureau De Change

Parallel Market

External Reserves

Forex Used

Forex Inflow

Forex Outflow

Net Inflow

January

113.95

134.50

135.00

10.10000

 

0.8433

1.0948

-0.2515

February

114.70

134.00

136.00

9.70000

 

0.8528

1.1851

-0.3323

March

115.10

134.50

135.50

 

 

0.7140

0.8912

-0.1772

April

116.10

134.50

135.50

9.40340

 

0.6583

0.8910

-0.2327

May

116.30

134.00

135.00

9.22630

 

0.7281

1.3110

-0.5829

June

118.50

134.00

135.00

8.67400

 

0.7439

0.9203

-0.1764

*July

121.50 

136.50

135.50

7.76500

 

0.6147

1.3132

-0.6985

August

127.00

137.00

136.00

7.69700

 

0.5857

1.0200

-0.4343

September

126.00

135.00

136.00

7.42400

 

0.8094

1.3877

-0.5783

October

126.50

137.00

137.50

7.74190

 

1.0537

1.0674

-0.0137

November

126.80

137.00

138.00

 

 

0.7751

0.9765

-0.2014

December

126.80

136.50

137.00

7.70000

9.19000

0.8639

1.1701

-0.3062

TOTAL

 

 

 

 

 

9.2429

13.2283

-3.9854

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Month of 2003 (avg)

DAS

Bureau De Change

Parallel Market

External Reserves

Forex Used

Forex Inflow

Forex Outflow

Net Inflow

January

127.27

 

 

 

 

1.1257

1.41709

-0.2914

February

127.02

 

 

 

 

1.3228

1.16406

0.1587

March

127.37

 

 

 

 

1.4028

1.00529

0.3976

April

127.60

 

 

 

 

1.2193

1.09925

0.1200

May

127.82

 

 

 

 

1.2886

1.37332

-0.0848

June

 127.92

 

 

 

 

1.0137

1.68686

-0.6732

July

 127.73

 

 

 

 

1.0904

1.29620

-0.2058

August

 128.30

 

 

 

 

1.1340

1.52550

-0.3915

September

 128.36

 

 

 

 

1.1731

1.76940

-0.5963

October

 132.52

 

 

 

 

1.3930

1.11170

0.2813

November

 138.20

 

 

 

 

1.0415

1.56770

-0.5262

December

 137.00

 

 

 

9.19000

1.9341

1.32442

0.6097

TOTAL

 

 

 

 

 

15.1390

16.3408

-1.2018

 

 

From July 22, 2002, CBN replaced the 33-month old Inter-Bank Foreign

 

Exchange Market (IFEM)  with the Dutch Auction System(DAS)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date

CBN

CBN

Amount S

Bureau

Parallel

 

 

Bid Rate

Offer Rate

Sold

de Change

Mkt

 

IFEM

N/$1

N/$1

($m)

N/$1

N/$1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2-Jan-02

112.45

113.45

39.43

 

 

 

3-Jan-02

112.45

113.45

34.06

 

 

 

30-Jan-02

113.20

114.20

34.32

 

 

 

31-Jan-02

113.20

114.20

29.31

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1-Jul-02

119.10

120.10

39.56

 

 

 

2-Jul-02

119.10

120.10

47.78

136.40

136.02

 

3-Jul-02

119.10

120.10

22.44

 

 

 

4-Jul-02

119.10

120.10

33.32

 

 

 

5-Jul-02

119.65

120.65

28.82

 

 

 

8-Jul-02

119.65

120.65

32.22

 

 

 

9-Jul-02

119.65

120.65

41.07

 

 

 

10-Jul-02

119.65

120.65

24.01

 

 

 

11-Jul-02

120.15

121.15

28.97

 

 

 

12-Jul-02

120.15

121.15

28.72

 

 

 

15-Jul-02

122.15

123.15

32.67

 

 

 

16-Jul-02

122.15

123.15

39.78

 

 

 

17-Jul-02

123.15

124.15

46.52

 

 

 

18-Jul-02

123.15

124.15

47.05

 

 

 

19-Jul-02

124.65

125.65

52.76

 

 

 

                           

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Auction No. by Year

DATE

MARGINAL RATE

UPPER LIMIT

AUCTION

AMOUNT ON OFFER

TOTAL BID

AMOUNT SOLD

LOWEST BID RATE

PARALLEL MKT RATE

External  Reserves

(N/$1)

(N/$1)

NUMBER

($m)

($m)

($m)

(N/$1)

(N/$1)

(End of Month)

 

 

 

 

(running)

 

 

 

 

 

($b)

2002

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IFEM ==>

19-Jul-02

125.65

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DAS  from here on

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

22-Jul-02

126.00

135.99

1

40.00

62.64

41.05

 

 

 

2

24-Jul-02

128.55

132.50

2

60.00

184.15

70.42

 

 

 

3

29-Jul-02

138.01

135.90

3

75.00

203.49

77.50

 

 

 

4

31-Jul-02

126.00

135.05

4

150.00

150.05

143.70

 

 

7.77

5

5-Aug-02

127.66

135.50

5

85.00

113.85

85.02

120.00

 

 

6

7-Aug-02

125.00

133.00

6

115.00

89.36

83.61

 

135.50

 

7

12-Aug-02

126.00

134.50

7

85.00

107.02

88.15

 

135.00

 

8

14-Aug-02

125.00

131.00

8

100.00

93.92

89.49

 

136.00

 

9

19-Aug-02

125.00

130.00

9

85.00

79.80

67.25

 

136.00

 

10

21-Aug-02

125.00

131.50

10

75.00

73.08

68.27

 

136.00

 

11

26-Aug-02

125.51

131.00

11

75.00

110.98

74.10

 

 

 

12

28-Aug-02

126.00

130.00

12

70.00

102.00

72.21

 

136.00

 

13

2-Sep-02

126.01

131.00

13

70.00

98.03

69.56

 

136.50

 

14

4-Sep-02

126.25

130.00

14

70.00

103.99

70.55

 

136.50

 

15

9-Sep-02

126.51

130.00

15

70.00

103.66

86.09

 

136.50

 

16

11-Sep-02

126.85

129.00

16

70.00

120.54

64.04

 

-

 

17

16-Sep-02

127.20

130.00

17

80.00

133.43

79.66

 

138.00

 

18

18-Sep-02

126.76

130.00

18

100.00

130.67

114.82

 

138.00

 

19

23-Sep-02

126.00

130.00

19

80.00

69.76

52.33

 

138.00

 

20

25-Sep-02

126.25

130.00

20

80.00

102.44

82.94

124.00

138.00

 

21

30-Sep-02

126.00

129.00

21

80.00

77.49

70.66

 

 

7.42

22

2-Oct-02

126.00

131.00

22

80.00

64.58

61.08

 

 

 

23

7-Oct-02

 

 

23

80.00

68.14

67.20

 

 

 

24

9-Oct-02

126.25

 

24

70.00

114.17

70.50

 

 

 

25

14-Oct-02

126.50

128.00

25

80.00

117.53

80.55

 

 

 

26

16-Oct-02

126.55

128.00

26

80.00

101.23

80.32

 

 

 

27

21-Oct-2002

126.70

 

27

80.00

107.73

81.96

 

 

 

28

23-Oct-02

126.81

129.00

28

90.00

117.21

84.94

 

 

 

29

28-Oct-2002

126.91

 

29

85.00

98.96

81.00

 

 

 

30

30-Oct-2002

126.75

 

30

85.00

83.50

76.85

 

 

 

31

4-Nov-2002

126.80

128.00

31

80.00

93.55

75.38

 

 

 

32

6-Nov-2002

126.65

128.00

32

80.00

81.73

68.63

 

 

 

33

11-Nov-02

126.80

129.00

33

78.00

94.38

70.38

125.00

138.00

 

34

13-Nov-2002

126.90

128.50

34

80.00

115.43

70.74

 

 

 

35

18-Nov-2002

126.85

128.50

35

80.00

121.29

78.02

 

 

 

36

20-Nov-2002

126.85

129.00

36

80.00

106.50

70.30

 

 

 

37

25-Nov-2002

126.85

129.50

37

80.00

111.33

73.93

 

 

 

38

27-Nov-2002

126.91

128.00

38

75.00

97.33

74.90

 

 

 

39

2-Dec-2002

126.91

128.90

39

80.00

124.74

88.10

 

 

 

40

9-Dec-2002

126.91

129.10

40

100.00

145.22

127.90

126.00

138.00

 

41

11-Dec-2002

126.80

129.11

41

80.00

108.87

76.54

125.50

138.00

 

42

16-Dec-2002

126.92

129.76

42

80.00

138.51

112.67

126.50

137.50

 

43

18-Dec-2002

126.90

128.50

43

75.00

128.84

112.54

126.50

137.50

 

44

23-Dec-2002

126.90

131.00

44

100.00

140.03

113.37

 

 

 

Total 2002

 

 

 

 

3593.00

4791.15

3549.22

 

 

 

Averages

 

126.74

130.41

 

81.66

108.89

80.66

 

 

 

2003

 

127.69

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

6-Jan-2003

126.97

128.65

45

100.00

140.87

104.77

126.00

137.00

 

2

8-Jan-2003

127.01

131.50

46

80.00

128.03

85.12

126.07

138.00

 

3

13-Jan-2003

127.11

129.00

47

80.00

133.56

86.36

125.15

138.00

 

4

15-Jan-2003

127.02

130.00

48

100.00

131.39

115.53

126.80

138.00

 

5

20-Jan-2003

127.13

128.50

49

80.00

151.56

84.71

126.85

138.00

 

6

22-Jan-2003

127.12

128.50

50

90.00

139.26

117.84

126.85

138.00

 

7

27-Jan-2003

127.21

129.00

51

80.00

113.05

71.80

127.26

138.00

 

8

29-Jan-2003

127.27

128.00

52

85.00

142.69

83.64

126.00

138.00

7.13

9

3-Feb-2003

127.36

129.50

53

95.00

160.43

79.76

 

 

 

10

5-Feb-2003

127.50

128.50

54

100.00

170.16

100.43

 

 

 

11

10-Feb-2003

127.45

130.00

55

125.00

162.65

135.74

 

 

 

12

17-Feb-2003

127.61

128.50

56

100.00

178.76

96.26

 

 

 

13

19-Feb-2003

127.76

128.50

57

100.00

175.05

106.70

 

 

 

14

24-Feb-2003

127.96

129.00

58

100.00

185.45

107.59

 

 

 

15

26-Feb-2003

127.02

130.00

59

100.00

139.69

126.21

 

 

7.65

16

3-Mar-2003

127.20

129.00

60

90.00

103.58

90.14

 

 

 

17

5-Mar-2003

127.20

128.80

61

85.00

113.39

79.97

 

 

 

18

10-Mar-2003

127.38

129.50

62

90.00

122.55

89.28

 

 

 

19

12-Mar-2003

127.52

129.50

63

90.00

140.86

87.18

 

 

 

20

17-Mar-2003

127.70

128.61

64

100.00

135.42

103.99

 

 

 

21

19-Mar-2003

127.30

128.70

65

100.00

108.63

104.20

 

 

 

22

24-Mar-2003

127.52

129.50

66

80.00

104.92

74.49

 

 

 

23

26-Mar-2003

127.22

128.68

67

90.00

101.17

96.54

 

 

 

24

31-Mar-03

127.37

129.21

68

80.00

96.52

82.30

125.50

138.00

8.19

25

2-Apr-2003

127.51

128.30

69

90.00

99.33

78.21

 

 

 

26

7-Apr-2003

127.10

130.10

70

95.00

108.22

94.34

 

 

 

27

9-Apr-2003

127.27

128.50

71

80.00

102.38

79.70

 

 

 

28

14-Apr-2003

127.51

129.50

72

80.00

153.80

87.02

 

 

 

29

16-Apr-2003

127.51

128.71

73

100.00

139.10

116.15

 

 

 

30

23-Apr-2003

127.66

128.50

74

120.00

143.36

118.21

 

 

 

31

28-Apr-2003

127.81

128.68

75

80.00

101.17

96.54

 

 

 

32

30-Apr-2003

127.60

129.00

76

90.00

112.36

88.70

 

 

9.43

33

5-May-2003

127.53

129.00

77

80.00

94.08

75.67

 

 

 

34

7-May-2003

127.62

130.00

78

80.00

105.31

91.90

 

 

 

35

12-May-2003

127.50

129.00

79

75.00

118.69

96.54

 

 

 

36

19-May-2003

127.72

129.00

80

100.00

213.91

124.51

 

 

 

37

21-May-2003

127.82

128.88

81

100.00

183.40

129.52

 

 

 

38

26-May-2003

127.82

130.00

82

100.00

163.60

124.24

 

 

 

39

28-May-2003

127.82

129.00

83

90.00

116.87

97.30

 

 

8.27

40

2-Jun-2003

127.72

129.00

84

90.00

101.68

85.83

 

 

 

41

4-Jun-2003

127.86

129.01

85

80.00

104.50

78.99

 

 

 

42

9-Jun-2003

127.97

128.85

86

80.00

126.70

70.53

 

 

 

43

11-Jun-2003

127.92

129.00

87

100.00

137.74

116.35

 

 

 

44

16-Jun-2003

127.92

129.00

88

100.00

186.00

125.05

 

 

 

45

18-Jun-2003

127.98

129.00

89

100.00

177.41

119.76

 

 

 

46

23-Jun-03

127.98

131.50

90

100.00

178.63

168.34

 

 

 

47

25-Jun-03

127.98

129.00

91

80.00

143.66

115.25

 

 

 

48

30-Jun-03

127.92

129.20

92

80.00

122.32

83.66

 

 

7.69

49

2-Jul-03

127.78

128.91

93

85.00

74.57

72.16

 

 

 

50

7-Jul-03

127.60

128.50

94

80.00

43.42

42.46

 

 

 

51

9-Jul-03

127.65

129.00

95

80.00

101.97

84.95

 

 

 

52

14-Jul-03

127.82

130.00

96

90.00

146.11

92.53

 

 

 

53

16-Jul-03

127.97

130.00

97

100.00

149.64

99.31

 

 

 

54

21-Jul-03

127.97

129.00

98

100.00

176.77

154.51

 

 

 

55

23-Jul-03

127.90

129.00

99

80.00

121.69

111.70

 

 

 

56

28-Jul-03

127.93

129.00

100

80.00

117.48

99.95

 

 

 

57

30-Jul-03

127.73

129.50

101

80.00

86.60

75.63

 

 

7.64

58

4-Aug-03

127.92

129.00

102

80.00

130.10

82.96

 

 

 

59

6-Aug-03

128.01

129.00

103

100.00

150.30

74.68

 

 

 

60

11-Aug-03

128.01

129.00

104

100.00

182.58

133.85

 

 

 

61

13-Aug-03

128.10

130.00

105

85.00

128.34

84.20

 

 

 

62

18-Aug-03

128.20

129.50

106

90.00

161.65

99.64

 

 

 

63

20-Aug-03

128.33

129.06

107

100.00

201.47

100.90

 

 

 

64

25-Aug-03

128.00

129.50

108

100.00

249.04

153.35

 

 

 

65

27-Aug-03

128.30

130.00

109

90.00

183.25

112.47

 

 

 

66

1-Sep-03

128.50

129.01

110

80.00

152.98

95.15

 

 

 

67

3-Sep-03

128.65

129.06

111

90.00

144.56

100.36

 

 

 

68

8-Sep-03

128.82

130.00

112

80.00

136.89

75.91

 

 

 

69

10-Sep-03

128.82

130.00

113

100.00

184.05

129.33

 

 

 

70

15-Sep-03

128.98

130.00

114

100.00

153.26

100.48

 

 

 

71

17-Sep-03

128.98

130.00

115

100.00

147.52

115.88

 

 

 

72

22-Sep-03

129.03

130.00

116

100.00

138.05

100.60

 

 

 

73

24-Sep-03

128.02

130.50

117

100.00

100.56

93.61

 

 

 

74

29-Sep-03

128.36

131.70

118

90.00

127.58

82.07

 

 

 

75

6-Oct-03

128.36

130.00

119

100.00

203.87

147.95

 

 

 

76

8-Oct-03

128.73

130.00

120

90.00

194.74

83.38

 

 

 

77

13-Oct-03

129.02

130.00

121

100.00

211.50

90.84

 

 

 

78

15-Oct-03

129.35

130.50

122

100.00

202.31

98.06

 

 

 

79

20-Oct-03

129.71

130.90

123

100.00

207.59

97.07

 

 

 

80

22-Oct-03

130.20

131.50

124

80.00

236.30

78.25

 

 

 

81

27-Oct-03

131.01

135.75

125

80.00

244.14

70.55

 

 

 

82

29-Oct-03

132.52

135.00

126

75.00

290.32

73.51

 

 

7.36

83

3-Nov-03

135.22

138.00

127

75.00

351.24

102.90

 

 

 

84

5-Nov-03

135.22

145.11

128

100.00

402.82

330.77

 

 

 

85

10-Nov-03

135.52

142.00

129

100.00

216.55

182.97

 

 

 

86

12-Nov-03

136.12

142.00

130

80.00

159.56

80.61

 

 

 

87

17-Nov-03

137.11

140.75

131

80.00

209.64

79.97

 

 

 

88

19-Nov-03

138.20

141.50

132

80.00

223.21

152.15

 

 

 

89

26-Nov-03

138.20

142.00

133

100.00

201.24

166.74

132.50

 

7.45

90

1-Dec-03

138.00

141.00

134

100.00

166.85

143.02

133.50

153.00

 

91

3-Dec-03

137.50

140.50

135

100.00

97.78

85.26

133.00

151.00

 

92

8-Dec-03

137.30

140.20

136

80.00

129.24

95.05

136.20

152.00

 

93

10-Dec-03

137.13

140.00

137

80.00

105.34

92.88

134.00

148.50

 

94

15-Dec-03

137.10

140.00

138

80.00

109.08

87.97

130.00

148.50

 

95

17-Dec-03

137.00

140.00

139

80.00

107.91

86.17

130.50

148.50

 

96

22-Dec-03

137.00

140.00

140

80.00

89.45

78.73

127.21

148.00

7.48

Total 2003

 

 

 

 

8690.00

14564.97

9846.30

 

 

 

Averages

 

129.27

131.18

 

90.52

151.72

102.57

 

 

 

2004

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

5-Jan-04

136.83

139.90

141

100.00

100.33

72.92

127.50

148.00

 

2

7-Jan-04

136.55

139.50

142

85.00

99.35

88.67

134.00

146.50

 

3

12-Jan-04

136.55

140.00

143

85.00

122.80

111.43

134.30

147.00

 

4

16-Jan-04

136.00

139.00

144

90.00

93.51

86.53

133.00

147.00

 

5

19-Jan-04

136.00

139.00

145

85.00

162.11

153.64

134.50

147.50

 

6

21-Jan-04

135.50

138.88

146

80.00

90.02

86.71

135.50

-

 

7

26-Jan-04

135.50

139.00

147

80.00

116.74

102.91

130.00

-

 

8

28-Jan-04

135.30

139.50

148

80.00

104.73

88.30

134.00

147.00

 

9

4-Feb-04

135.20

140.00

149

120.00

184.61

150.12

129.20

143.50

 

10

9-Feb-04

135.20

138.00

150

85.00

136.95

124.35

129.20

143.50

 

11

11-Feb-04

135.20

137.00

151

80.00

107.02

91.49

132.00

-

 

12

16-Feb-04

135.15

138.50

152

90.00

135.06

116.35

131.50

142.00

 

13

18-Feb-04

135.15

137.60

153

90.00

123.59

115.67

135.05

141.50

7.26

14

23-Feb-04

135.15

136.50

154

100.00

120.34

109.49

135.10

141.00

 

15

25-Feb-04

135.00

137.00

155

90.00

84.71

73.26

133.55

141.00

 

 

 

 

 

 

89.33

1781.87

1571.84

 

 

 

16

1-Mar-04

 

 

156

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 

 

           Figure 1A: Foreign Exchange Flows Through the CBN in the Year 2002

 

          Figure 1B: Foreign Exchange Flows through CBN in the Year 2003                 

 

Source:  Central Bank of Nigeria

 

Table 3:  Sectoral Allocations of Foreign Exchange (1999 – 2004)

ITEM

 

% Share

% Share

%Share

%Share

%Share

% Share

 

 

 1999

 2000

 2001

 2002

 Nov 2003

Dec 2003 

A: IMPORTS

 

87.93

77.49

69.92

79.38

85.8

83.5

Industrial Sector

 

47.03

39.29

38.85

41.35

43.7

39.0

   Raw Materials

 

29.36

26.01

23.72

24.13

 

 

   Machinery

 

17.68

13.28

15.13

17.21

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Agricultural Sector

 

1.51

2.48

1.59

1.87

0.8

1.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Finished Goods

 

36.04

31.17

24.81

31.70

34.4

35.3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Transport

 

3.35

4.55

4.63

4.46

6.9

8.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B: INVISIBLES

 

12.07

22.51

30.08

20.62

14.2

16.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TOTAL

 

5,601.20

 7,836.20

11,403.00

 

10,178.00

?